Publicaciones

@article{Toledo-Hernández12023,

title = {Uncovering the link between environmental factors and coral immunity: A study of fluorescent protein expression and phenoloxidase activity in \textit{Acropora cervicornis}},

author = {Toledo-Hernández, Carlos and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia Patricia and Ramírez-Lugo, Juan Sebastian and Torres-Díaz, Marielys and Santiago-Pagán, Lisby and Bruno-Chardón, Andrea and Díaz-Vázquez, Liz M.},

editor = {Virginia M. Weis and Nicholas MacKnight and Bradford Dimos

},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2023.1133486/full

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Uncovering-the-link-between-environmental-factors-and-coral-immunity-A-study-of-fluorescent-protein-expression-and-phenoloxidase-activity-in-Acropora-cervicornisfmars-10-1133486.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1133486},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-03-02},

urldate = {2023-03-02},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {10},

pages = {1-11},

abstract = {Worsening environmental conditions due to climate change have profoundly affected the health of coral reefs worldwide. Thus, understanding how corals respond to fluctuating and/or extreme levels of temperature and solar irradiation will guide future protection and restoration efforts of this valuable ecosystem. Herein, we present a study of the immune responses of the endangered coral Acropora cervicornis to seasonal fluctuations in water temperature (WT), light intensity (LI), and water depth. Immune responses were observed by measuring the concentration of green and cyan fluorescent proteins (GFP and CyFP) and the activity of phenoloxidase (PO), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the photoprotective protein melanin. To study these responses, visually healthy A. cervicornis fragments were placed at 8, and 12 m depth, and GFP, CyPF, and PO activity were measured at three-month intervals over a 12-month period. Seawater temperature and light intensity were also measured at each depth during this period. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the effects of seasonal variations of WT, LI, and water depth on the immune proteins. GFP, CyFP, and PO activity varied significantly across time – all higher in late summer/early fall and lower in late winter/early spring. Likewise, WT and LI significantly affected GFP, CyFP, and PO activity. On the other hand, water depth only had a significant effect on fluorescent protein concentrations but not PO activity. Our study demonstrates that corals can modulate these key immune-related proteins throughout natural seasonal fluctuations. That is, increasing in months of higher thermal and light conditions while decreasing in months with mild thermal and light conditions. The phenotypic plasticity of A. cervicornis in adapting to a changing environment underscores the importance that in future studies time of the year should be a meaningful consideration when evaluating the responses of A. cervicornis to the environment.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, Coral immunity, coral reefs, coral reefs restauration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bayraktarov2022,

title = {Joining global efforts to halt coral reef decline: a call for more diversity, equity, and inclusion at international scientific meetings  },

author = {Bayraktarov, Elisa and Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Pizarro, Valeria and Montoya-Maya, Phanor H and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia Patricia and Phinn, Stuart R and Roelfsema, Chris and Frías-Torres, Sarah},

editor = {Rupert Ormond and Caroline Rogers Beatriz Casareto and Douglas Fenner and Edwin Hernandez-Delgado and Dennis Hubbard and Nicolas Pascal and William Precht and Silas Principe and Brian Rosen and Sue Wells},

url = {http://coralreefs.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Reef_Encounter_51_lores.pdf

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Joining-global-efforts-to-halt-coral-Reef_Encounter_51_lores.pdf},

issn = {0225-27987},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-06-01},

urldate = {2022-06-01},

journal = {Reef Ecounter},

volume = {37},

issue = {1},

pages = {28-35},

abstract = {Finding solutions to the global coral reef crisis will require active adaptive management, where scientific results on successes vs failures at local field sites are used to inform conservation interventions and natural resource management. Any scientific progress and solution-focused innovation starts with the exchange of knowledge. Scientific conferences can quickly disseminate major research findings and encourage public debates to push the boundaries of science.},

keywords = {Caribbean Coral Reefs, Coral Reef Decline, coral reefs, halt coral reef},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Vardi2021,

title = {Six priorities to advance the science and practice of coral reef restoration worldwide},

author = {Vardi, Tali and Hoot, Whitney C. and Levy, Jessica and Shaver, Elizabeth and Winters, R. Scott and Banaszak, Anastazia T. and Baums, Iliana B. and Chamberland, Valérie F. and Cook, Nathan and Gulko, David and Hein, Margaux Y. and Kaufman, Les and Loewe, Michelle and Lundgren, Petra and Lustic, Caitlin and MacGowan, Petra and Matz, Mikhail V. and McGonigle, Miles and McLeod, Ian and Moore, Jennifer and Moore, Tom and Pivard, Sandrine and Pollock, F. Joseph and Rinkevich, Baruch and Suggett, David J. and Suleimán-Ramos, Samuel E. and Viehman, T. Shay and Villalobos, Tatiana and Weis, Virginia M. and Wolke, Chelsea and Montoya-Maya, Phanor H.},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13498

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Restoration-Ecology-2021-Vardi-Six-priorities-to-advance-the-science-and-practice-of-coral-reef-restoration-worldwide.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13498},

issn = {1061-2971},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-11-29},

urldate = {2021-11-29},

journal = {Restoration Ecology},

volume = {29},

number = {e13498},

issue = {8},

pages = {1-7},

abstract = {Coral reef restoration is a rapidly growing movement galvanized by the accelerating degradation of the world's tropical coral reefs. The need for concerted and collaborative action focused on the recovery of coral reef ecosystems coalesced in the creation of the Coral Restoration Consortium (CRC) in 2017. In March 2020, the CRC leadership team met for a biennial review of international coral reef restoration efforts and a discussion of perceived knowledge and implementation bottlenecks that may impair scalability and efficacy. Herein we present six priorities wherein the CRC will foster scientific advancement and collaboration to: (1) increase restoration efficiency, focusing on scale and cost-effectiveness of deployment; (2) scale up larval-based coral restoration efforts, emphasizing recruit health, growth, and survival; (3) ensure restoration of threatened coral species proceeds within a population-genetics management context; (4) support a holistic approach to coral reef ecosystem restoration; (5) develop and promote the use of standardized terms and metrics for coral reef restoration; and (6) support coral reef restoration practitioners working in diverse geographic locations. These priorities are not exhaustive nor do we imply that accomplishing these tasks alone will be sufficient to restore coral reefs globally; rather these are topics where we feel the CRC community of practice can make timely and significant contributions to facilitate the growth of coral reef restoration as a practical conservation strategy. The goal for these collective actions is to provide tangible, local-scale advancements in reef condition that offset declines resulting from local and global stressors including climate change.},

keywords = {coral interventions, coral reefs, coral restoration, Corals, reefs, restoration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Ramírez-Lugo2021,

title = {CREARE: A Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience To Study the Responses of the Endangered Coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} to a Changing Environment.},

author = {Ramírez-Lugo, Juan S. and Toledo-Hernández, Carlos and Vélez-González, Ivonne and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P.},

url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8060141/

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/ramirez-lugo-et-al-2021-creare-a-course-based-undergraduate-research-experience-to-study-the-responses-of-the.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2253c},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-31},

urldate = {2021-03-31},

journal = {Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education},

volume = {22},

number = {1},

pages = {1-12},

abstract = {There is mounting evidence to support that students who participate in scientific research experiences are more likely to continue on to advanced degrees and careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To introduce more students to the benefits of research, we have drawn on an ongoing project aimed at understanding how the Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis responds to environmental fluctuations to develop a semester-long course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE), entitled CREARE (Coral Response to Environment Authentic Research Experience). The main mode of instruction in CREARE is through topic modules, and course evaluation is achieved through writing assignments. Students in CREARE perform experiments in the laboratory to measure the abundance of photo-protective proteins in coral tissue from samples collected at different depths and at different times of the year and analyze environmental data using the R programming language. CREARE participants have contributed to the progress of the research project by generating novel data and making improvements to experimental protocols. Furthermore, pre- and post-course assessment of content knowledge revealed that students perform significantly better on a written exam after participating in CREARE, while also displaying appreciable shifts in attitudes towards science in student perception surveys. In addition, through qualitative analysis of focus group interviews, we gathered evidence to suggest that mediating variables that predict students’ persistence in science are bolstered through our application of the CURE modality. Overall, CREARE can serve as a model for developing more research-based courses that successfully engage students in scientific research.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, coral reefs, CORAL SPECIES LISTING, Endangered Coral},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Cortés-Useche2021,

title = {Conservation actions and ecological context: optimizing coral reef local management in the Dominican Republic},

author = {Cortés-Useche, Camilo and Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Calle-Triviño, Johanna and Sellares Blasco, Rita and Galván, Victor and Arias-González, Jesús E.},

editor = {Ida Kubiszewski and Jonathan Colville},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/10925/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7953877/

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Conservation-actions-and-ecological-context-optimizing-coral-reef-local-management-in-the-Dominican-Republic-peerj-10925.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10925},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-09},

urldate = {2021-03-09},

journal = {Peerj},

volume = {9},

number = { e10925},

pages = {1-28},

abstract = {Over the past few decades, coral reef ecosystems have been lost at accelerated rates as a result of global climate change and local stressors. Local management schemes can help improve the condition of coral reefs by enhancing their ecosystem recovery capacity. Caribbean conservation efforts include mitigation of local anthropogenic stressors, and integrating social participation. Here, we analyzed the case of the Bayahibe reefs in the Southeastern (SE) Dominican Republic to identify conservation actions and illustrate a conceptual example of local seascape management. We assessed reef health indicators from 2011 to 2016. Overall, our results show increases in total fish biomass, in both commercial and herbivorous fishes. Mean live coral cover was 31% and fleshy macroalgae was 23% after multiple disturbances such as Hurricanes Sandy and Isaac (2012), Mathew (2016) and heat stress presented in the study area in 2015. We also described actions taken by stakeholders and government institutions, including the implementation of a policy declaring an area of 869,000 ha as a marine protected area (MPA), enhanced water quality treatment, local restrictions to vessel traffic, enforcement of fishing regulations, and the removal of invasive lionfish (Pterois spp.). In addition, a restoration program for the threatened staghorn coral (Acropora cervicornis) was established in 2011, and currently has eight coral nurseries and six outplanting sites. Considering the biology and ecology of these reefs, we observed good results for these indicators (live coral cover, fish biomass, and water quality) in contrast with severely degraded Caribbean reefs, suggesting that optimizing local management may be a useful example for improving reef condition. Our results provide an overview of trends in reef condition in the SE Dominican Republic and could support current strategies to better protect reefs in the region. Given that Caribbean coral reefs face extreme challenges from global climate change, management measures may improve reef conditions across the region but stronger policy processes and increased scientific knowledge are needed for the successful management of coral reefs.},

keywords = {biodiversity, Caribbean, Coastal health, coral reefs, coral restoration, Dominican Republic, Management, Marine protected area, Tropical coastal ecosystems, Water quality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Sabat2020,

title = {Population dynamics of diseased corals: Effects of a Shut Down Reaction outbreak in Puerto Rican \textit{Acropora cervicornis}.},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Sabat, Alberto M. and Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A.},

url = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293020/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S006528812030033X?via%3Dihub},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2020.08.001},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-10-07},

urldate = {2020-10-07},

journal = {Advance in Marine Biology},

volume = {87},

issue = {1},

pages = {61-82},

abstract = {Chronic coral reef degradation has been characterized by a significant decline in the population abundance and live tissue cover of scleractinian corals across the wider Caribbean. Acropora cervicornis is among the species whose populations have suffered an unprecedented collapse throughout the region. This species, which once dominated the shallow-water reef communities, is susceptible to a wide range of stressors, resulting in a general lack of recovery following disturbances. A. cervicornis is a critical contributor to the structure, function, and resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Therefore, it is essential to identify the factors that influence their demographic and population performance. Diseases are one of the factors that are compromising the recovery of coral populations. In this chapter, we use size-based population matrix models to evaluate the population-level effect of a Shut Down Reaction Disease},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis; Coral demography; Coral diseases; Coral reefs; Matrix population models; Shut Down Reaction, coral reefs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rodríguez-Casariego2020,

title = {Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals a conserved epigenetic response to seasonal environmental variation in the staghorn coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}.},

author = {Rodríguez-Casariego, Javier A. and Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Garcia-Souto, Daniel and Ortiz-Rivera, Ivanna M. and Lopes, Christian and Baums, Iliana B. and Sabat, Alberto M. and Eirin-Lopez, Jose M.},

editor = {Yong Wang and Mikhail V. Matz and Alexandre Fellous and Hui Huang},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.560424/full

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Genome-wide-DNA-methylation-analysis-reveals-a-conserved-epigenetic-response-to-seasonal-environmental-variation-in-the-staghorn-coral-Acropora-cervicornis.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.560424},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-09-30},

urldate = {2020-09-30},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {7},

abstract = {Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation have been shown to participate in plastic responses to environmental change in a wide range of organisms, including scleractinian corals. Unfortunately, the current understanding of the links between environmental signals, epigenetic modifications, and the subsequent consequences for acclimatory phenotypic changes remain obscure. Such a knowledge gap extends also to the dynamic nature of epigenetic changes, hampering our ability to ascertain the magnitude and extent of these responses under natural conditions. The present work aims to shed light on these subjects by examining temporal changes in genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation in the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis in the island of Culebra, PR. During a 17-month period, a total of 162 polymorphic loci were identified using Methylation-Sensitive Amplified Polymorphism (MSAP). Among them, 83 of these restriction fragments displayed changes in DNA methylation that were significantly correlated to seasonal variation as determined mostly by changes in sea water temperature. Remarkably, the observed time-dependent variation in DNA methylation patterns is consistent across coral genets, coral source sites and site-specific conditions studied. Overall, these results are consistent with a conserved epigenetic response to seasonal environmental variation. These findings highlight the importance of including seasonal variability into experimental designs investigating the role of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation in responses to stress.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, coral reefs, DNA methylation, epigenetics, MSAP, seasonality, staghorn coral, stress response, temperature},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bayraktarov2020,

title = {Review of coral reef restoration efforts in Latin American countries and territories},

author = {Bayraktarov, Elisa and Banaszak, Anastazia T. and Montoya Maya, Phanor and Kleypas, Joanie and Arias-González, Jesús E. and Blanco, Macarena and Calle-Triviño, Johanna and Charuvi, Nufar and Cortés-Useche, Camilo and Galván, Victor and García Salgado, Miguel A. and Gnecco, Mariana and Guendulain-García, Sergio D. and Hernández Delgado, Edwin A. and Marín Moraga, José A. and Maya, María Fernanda and Mendoza Quiroz, Sandra and Mercado Cervantes, Samantha and Morikawa, Megan and Nava, Gabriela and Pizarro, Valeria and Sellares-Blasco, Rita I. and Suleimán Ramos, Samuel E. and Villalobos Cubero, Tatiana and Villalpando, María F. and Frías-Torres, Sarah},

editor = {Shashank Keshavmurthy},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228477

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0228477&type=printable

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Coral-reef-restoration-efforts-in-Latin-American-countries-and-territories.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228477},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-05},

urldate = {2020-08-05},

journal = {Plos ONE},

volume = {15},

number = {8},

abstract = {Coral reefs worldwide are degrading due to climate change, overfishing, pollution, coastal development, coral bleaching, and diseases. In areas where the natural recovery of an ecosystem is negligible or protection through management interventions insufficient, active restoration becomes critical. The Reef Futures symposium in 2018 brought together over 400 reef restoration experts, businesses, and civil organizations, and galvanized them to save coral reefs through restoration or identify alternative solutions. The symposium highlighted that solutions and discoveries from long-term and ongoing coral reef restoration projects in Spanish-speaking countries in the Caribbean and Eastern Tropical Pacific were not well known internationally. Therefore, a meeting of scientists and practitioners working in these locations was held to compile the data on the extent of coral reef restoration efforts, advances and challenges. Here, we present unpublished data from 12 coral reef restoration case studies from five Latin American countries, describe their motivations and techniques used, and provide estimates on total annual project cost per unit area of reef intervened, spatial extent as well as project duration. We found that most projects used direct transplantation, the coral gardening method, micro-fragmentation or larval propagation, and aimed to optimize or scale-up restoration approaches (51%) or provide alternative, sustainable livelihood opportunities (15%) followed by promoting coral reef conservation stewardship and re-establishing a self-sustaining, functioning reef ecosystems (both 13%). Reasons for restoring coral reefs were mainly biotic and experimental (both 42%), followed by idealistic and pragmatic motivations (both 8%). The median annual total cost from all projects was $93,000 USD (range: $10,000 USD—$331,802 USD) (2018 dollars) and intervened a median spatial area of 1 ha (range: 0.06 ha—8.39 ha). The median project duration was 3 years; however, projects have lasted up to 17 years. Project feasibility was high with a median of 0.7 (range: 0.5–0.8). This study closes the knowledge gap between academia and practitioners and overcomes the language barrier by providing the first comprehensive compilation of data from ongoing coral reef restoration efforts in Latin America.},

keywords = {Caribbean, coral reefs, coral reefs restauration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Weil2019,

title = {Spread of the new coral disease “SCTLD” into the Caribbean: implications for Puerto Rico.},

author = {Weil, E. and Hernández Delgado, Edwin A. and Gonzalez, M. and Williams, S. and Suleimán-Ramos, S. and Figuerola, M. and Metz-Estrella, T.},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342477916_REEF_ENCOUNTER_Spread_of_the_new_coral_disease_SCTLD_into_the_Caribbean_implications_for_Puerto_Rico

https://www.agrra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Weil-et-al.-2020-Reef-Encounter.pdf

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Spread-of-the-new-coral-disease-SCTLD-into-the-Caribbean-implications-for-Puerto-Rico.pdf

},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-12-01},

urldate = {2019-12-01},

journal = {Reef Encounter},

volume = {34},

number = {1},

pages = {38-43},

abstract = {The ongoing deterioration and significant decline in live coral cover and diversity in coral reef communities

worldwide is strongly associated with increasing water temperatures linked to Global Climate Change, aided by

anthropogenic activities (Harvell et al. 2004, 2007, 2009; Weil and Rogers 2011; Maynard et al. 2016; Woodley et al.

2016). In the Wider Caribbean, major community structure and function decline was marked by two region-wide,

concurrent, highly virulent disease epizootics in the early 1980’s. These events almost wiped out two foundational

scleractinian species (Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis), and the keystone sea urchin Diadema antillarum. White

band disease (WBD) affected the acroporids and was caused by a complex of vibrio bacteria (Gil-Agudelo et al. 2006).

The Diadema mass mortality had all the trademark characteristics of a virulent, transmissible, bacterial or viral

infection, but the putative pathogen (pathogens) was never identified (Lessios 2016). Populations of both acroporids

and sea urchins suffered over 95% mortalities throughout the wider Caribbean (Gladfelter 1982; Lessios et al. 1984a,b;

Aronson and Precht 2001; Lessios 2016), followed by a cascade of ecological consequences (significant loss of live

coral cover, primary productivity, spatial complexity, biodiversity and fecundity; loss of ecological functions, increase

in algal cover and biomass, etc.), ending in a shift from coral- to algal-dominated communities and the loss of

ecological services to other tropical marine communities and to human beings (Aronson and Precht 2001; Weil and

Rogers 2011). Several other disease-induced mass mortalities of other cnidarians, as well as of massive, plate and

nodular reef-building genera, have in the last 30 years resulted in additional loss of biomass, diversity and live coral

cover on many Caribbean reefs (Miller et al. 2009; Weil et al. 2009a; Weil and Rogers 2011; Bastidas et al. 2011; Weil

et al. 2017). },

keywords = {biodiversity, biomass, Caribbean, communities, Coral, coral diseases, coral reefs, diversity, Puerto Rico, reef, reefs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{toonDynamics2019,

title = {Caribbean Near-Shore Coral Reef Benthic Community Response to Changes on Sedimentation Dynamics and Environmental Conditions},

author = {Otaño-Cruz, Abimarie and Montañez-Acuña, Alfredo A. and García-Rodríguez, Noelia M. and Díaz-Morales, Dakeishla M. and Benson, Elizabeth and Cuevas, Elvira and Ortiz-Zayas, Jorge and Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A.},

editor = {Edward Jeremy Hind-Ozan and Xiaoshou Liu and Douglas Fenner},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00551/full

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Caribbean-Near-Shore-Coral-Reef-Benthic-Community-Response-to-Changes-on-Sedimentation-Dynamics-and-Environmental-Conditions.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00551},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-09-06},

urldate = {2019-09-06},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {6},

issue = {551},

pages = {551},

abstract = {Coral reefs are facing unprecedented global, regional and local threats that continue to degrade near-shore habitats. Water quality degradation, due to unsustainable development practices at coastal watersheds, is one of the greatest stressors across multiple spatial scales. The goal of this study was to assess near-shore coral reef benthic community spatio-temporal response to sedimentation patterns, weather, and oceanographic dynamics at Bahía Tamarindo and Punta Soldado in Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Benthic data were collected across a distance gradient from the shore through high-resolution images at marked belt transects. Environmental data were assessed and contrasted with benthic assemblages using multivariate correlations and multiple linear regression. Coral colony abundance and coral recruit assemblages showed significant variation among seasons, sites and distance zones (PERMANOVA, p < 0.01). Species diversity (H’n) increased at both study sites with distance from shore, and the most conspicuous coral recruit species were stress-tolerant Porites astreoides, P. porites, and Siderastrea radians. Difference in coral abundance and coral recruits per site had a strong significant negative relationship with sediment characteristics and depth (p < 0.05). Near-shore coral reef benthic community structure was significantly different between sites and distance zones from shore, with depth having an important role in shaping reef zonation. Changes in benthic community structure were associated with local sediment distribution patterns emerging from human alteration of coastal watersheds and natural events that cause terrigenous sediment deposition and sand resuspension across the reef. Coral cover was significantly lower at zones more exposed to recurrent sedimentation stress (p < 0.01). It was also correlated with sediment texture (p = 0.006) and terrigenous sediment deposition (p = 0.016). Scleractinian coral cover had an inverse relationship with gorgonian and macroalgae cover. In a short-term period, a pattern of increased dominance of encrusting calcareous algae Ramicrusta textilis and invasive sponge Dictyonella funicularis were documented. Changing land use and increased frequency of extreme weather events, as a consequence of global patterns of climate change, may play an important role shaping near-shore coral reefs benthic communities and could threaten the resilience of coastal regions. Therefore, collaborative and trans-disciplinary ecosystem-based management efforts are urgently needed to effectively reduce land-based stressors and foster near-shore coral reef recovery.},

keywords = {benthic cover, coral abundance, coral diversity, coral recruit, coral reef community structure, coral reefs, environmental stressors, near-shore coral reefs, Puerto Rico, sedimentation dynamics},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{P.Ruiz-Diaz2019,

title = {A mathematical model of the interactions between \textit{Acropora cervicornis} and its environment},

author = {Nieves-González, Aniel and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P. and Toledo-Hernández, Carlos and Ramírez-Lugo, Juan S.},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304380019301413?via%3Dihub

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.04.004},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-08-24},

urldate = {2019-08-24},

journal = {Ecological Modelling},

volume = {406},

pages = {7-22},

abstract = {Environmental factors associated with climate change such as increasing sea surface temperature (SST) and solar radiation (SR) have negatively impacted corals throughout their geographic ranges. One such coral, which has been seriously impacted by these stressors, is the staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis. To reduce the effects of such stressors, this coral utilizes fluorescent proteins (FPs) and melanin (M). These constitutive immune components quench reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during thermal stress and absorb or reflect potentially damaging light. The synthesis of these components are, nonetheless, energetically costly. Hence, production of these protective compounds may be traded-off against other vital functions such as growth. In this study we develop a mathematical model, viz., a system of ordinary differential equations that simulates the growth of A. cervicornis branches under different regimes and combinations of SST and SR. The model assumes that polyps are the functional unit of the coral and that the concentration of FPs and M are inversely proportional to SST and SR intensity. To develop the model we use empirical (birth and mortality rate of polyps and the maximum number of polyps per unit area) and theoretical parameters (concentration of FPs, M produced, and trade-offs with growth). The model simulates how changes in FPs and M due to environmental changes affect the growth capacity of A. cervicornis. The model as well as its stability analysis show that polyp growth is affected by SR and SST. Hence, the model will help in understanding how corals will respond to future changes in climate.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, Caribbean Coral Reefs, coral reefs, dynamical system, Lyapunov stability},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Norat-Ramíreza2019,

title = {A septic waste index model to measure the impact of septic tanks on coastal water quality and coral reef communities in Rincon, Puerto Rico},

author = {Norat-Ramírez, J. and Méndez-Lázaro, P. and Hernández-Delgado, E. A. and Mattei-Torres, H. and Cordero-Rivera, L.},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964569118305519

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/a-septic-waste-index-model-to-measure-the-impact-of-septic-tanks-coastal-water-quality-and-coral-reef-rincon-pr.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.016},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-03-01},

urldate = {2019-03-01},

journal = {Ocean & Coastal Management},

volume = {169},

pages = {201-213},

abstract = {The impact of fecal contamination of coastal waters and coral reefs is a major cause of concern in marine reserves in Puerto Rico. The measurement of the association between septic tank frequency in watersheds of creeks draining into these reserves and coastal water quality and coral reef condition is of importance in configuring pollution control policy. Fecal coliforms and enterococci assays were used to measure the density of fecal contaminants across the Tres Palmas Marine Reserve (TPMR) in Rincon, Puerto Rico. Inshore waters are intermittent creeks, receiving fecal pollution only from faulty septic tanks. Fecal indicators measurements showed higher densities near the southernmost creek mouth emptying into TPMR, a finding consistent with a larger amount of dwellings with septic tanks within this watershed (Vista Azul creek). A Septic Weight Index was constructed to analyze sewage impact from all watersheds draining into the marine reserve. Linear Regression analyses showed a significant association between these non-point source fecal pollution sources and both coastal water quality and impact on some parameters measuring the condition of Acropora palmata coral reef colonies.},

keywords = {coral reefs, Non-point source coastal fecal pollution, Septic tank pollution, Watershed analysis},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toledo-Hernández2018,

title = {Devastation of 15-year old Community-based Coral Farming and Reef-restoration Sites in Puerto Rico by Major Hurricanes Irma and María},

author = {Toledo-Hernández, Carlos and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P. and Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Suleimán-Ramos, Samuel E.},

editor = {James D. Ackerman and Alfonso Aguilar-Perera and Wayne J. Arendt and Rüdiger Bieler},

url = {https://www.eaglehill.us/CANAonline/CANA-access-pages/CANA-regular/CANA-053-Toledo-Hernandez.shtml

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Devastation-of-15-year-old-Community-based-Coral-Farming-and-Reef-restoration-Sites-in-Puerto-Rico-by-Major-Hurricanes-Irma-and-Maria2018.pdf},

isbn = {2326-7119},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-12-12},

urldate = {2018-12-12},

journal = {Caribbean Naturalist},

number = {53},

pages = {1-6},

abstract = {Category-5 hurricanes Irma and María impacted the northeastern Caribbean in September 2017 with waves in excess of 10 m. Herein we provide the frst assessment of hurricane damage to community-based coral farming and reef restoration at several locations from Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Hurricanes destroyed 75 coral farms, killing 11,074 Acropora cervicornis (Staghorn Coral) fragments. Likewise, over 9000 recently out-planted colonies as well as most of the coral species adjacent to the outplants perished when they were buried by sand and rubble or were dislodged as a result of hurricane-generated waves. Liagora spp. (marine red algae) and other red algae rapidly colonized coral rubble and openreef substrates, threatening surviving corals of multiple species at least for several weeks after hurricane impacts.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, community-based ecological rehabilitation, Coral Reef Decline, Coral Reef Ecology, coral reefs, coral reefs restauration, Coral survival, Corals},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2018,

title = {Growth facilitation by the octocoral \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} explains spatial difference in the population size structure of the common demosponge \textit{Ircinia felix}},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Rivera-Irizarry, Fabiola and Fonseca-Miranda, Jaime and Bruno-Laureano, Yesenia},

editor = {Paco Cárdenas},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-07},

urldate = {2018-11-07},

journal = {Marine Biology Research},

volume = {14},

issue = {1},

pages = {41 - 51},

abstract = {In this study, the demography of the common demosponge Ircinia felix was examined at Tamarindo, a coral reef located in the island municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico. A preliminary study comparing the size structure of two subpopulations within the reef, Tamarindo Norte (TN) and Tamarindo Sur (TS), indicated that sponges at TN are significantly larger than sponges at TS. This result served as a baseline for the present comparative study in which we aimed to determine whether the spatial differences in population size structure can be explained either by a difference in rates of survival, growth, or recruitment, or a combination of these. To accomplish our goal, we followed the growth, survival and recruitment of I. felix at the two localities for one year. Growth was the only demographic parameter that differed significantly between localities. Because the most obvious distinction between the study sites was the absence of the octocoral Gorgonia ventalina at TS, we hypothesized that the faster overall growth rate of sponges at TN was related to the presence of the octocoral. To test this hypothesis, we compared growth rates between sponges associated with the octocoral and those individuals not associated. We found that sponges growing near G. ventalina grew significantly faster than non-associated sponges. This result suggests that the octocoral facilitates the growth of I. felix and therefore may account, at least in part, for the spatial differences in population size structure.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, Caribbean, Climate change, Coral Reef Decline, coral reefs, Corals, Land-Based Source Pollution, Marine Protected Areas, Puerto Rico, Reef Restoration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2018b,

title = {Tissue loss rather than colony size determines the demographic fate of the branching coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}.},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia Patricia and Sabat, Alberto M.},

url = {https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps_oa/m597p147.pdf

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Tissue-loss-rather-than-colony-size-determines-the-demographic-fate-of-the-branching-coral-Acropora-cervicornis.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12578},

issn = {0171-8630},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-11},

urldate = {2018-06-11},

journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series},

volume = {597},

pages = {147-159},

publisher = {Inter-Research},

abstract = {Partial mortality is a common process affecting coral colonies. Yet, the impact of tissue loss on the demography of the threatened reef-building coral Acropora cervicornis has been poorly investigated. This limits our understanding of how this species will fare under unfavorable environmental conditions. In this study, we examined the growth and survival of colonies with varying degrees of partial mortality, indicated by tissue loss, for 2 yr at 2 reefs in Puerto Rico. We found that irrespective of colony size, rates of coral growth and survival declined significantly once the proportion of dead tissue exceeded 20% of the total colony size. Projections of state-matrix population models indicated that partial mortality could also have a negative impact at the population level. For instance, a 25% increase in the number of colonies with >20% tissue loss would reduce the time in which 75% of the population is lost by 3 to 4 yr. Our results provide a new perspective on the effect of partial mortality on the demography and population dynamics of A. cervicornis. First, 20% of tissue loss can be considered a threshold value in which colony fate and population growth are compromised. Second, colony size is not the most important determinant of a colony’s demographic performance; instead, the surface area lost to partial mortality is a better predictor of colony growth and survivorship. Taking into consideration the relationship between partial mortality and the demographic fate of A. cervicornis can aid in the development of stronger conservation and restoration programs.},

keywords = {Acroporids, Coral demography, Coral growth, Coral population dynamics, coral reefs, Coral survival, Partial mortality, SAMPR},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Pérez-Pagán2018,

title = {Evaluation of the effectiveness of 3D-printed corals to attract coral reef fish at Tamarindo Reef, Culebra, Puerto Rico.},

author = {Pérez-Pagán, Birla Sofía and Mercado-Molina, Alex E.},

url = {https://www.conservationevidence.com/individual-study/6858

},

issn = {1758-2067},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-06-11},

urldate = {2018-06-11},

journal = {Conservation Evidence},

volume = {15},

pages = {43-47},

abstract = {The development of artificial corals using 3D-printing technology has been proposed as an alternative to aid the recovery of fish populations in degraded reefs. However, no study has empirically evaluated the potential of such artificial corals to attract fish to reef patches. We conducted an experiment to determine whether the number of fish associated with natural and 3D-printed corals differs significantly. The 3D-printed artificial corals mimicked the morphology of staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis, whose branches serve as habitat for many fish species. There is evidence indicating that fish abundance increases with habitat complexity, but no specific evidence relating to A. cervicornis. Therefore, we also investigated whether the structural complexity of both natural and artificial corals affected their effectiveness to attract fish. We found that the number of fish associated with artificial and natural corals was not significantly different. However, irrespective of coral type, fish were more abundant in corals with the highest levels of complexity. Our findings suggest that 3D-printed corals can serve as a complementary tool to improve the ecosystem function of degraded coral reefs.},

keywords = {3D-printed corals, Acropora cervicornis, Caribbean, Caribbean Coral Reefs, Caribbean Sea, Coastal Resilience, Conservation Biology, Coral, Coral Reef Ecology, Coral Reef Ecosystems, coral reefs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2017,

title = {Growth facilitation by the octocoral \textit{Gorgonia ventalina} explains spatial difference in the population size structure of the common demosponge \textit{Ircinia felix}},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Rivera-Irizarry, Fabiola and Fonseca-Miranda, Jaime and Bruno-Laureano, Yesenia},

editor = {Paco Cárdenas},

url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

doi = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000.2017.1367098},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-11-07},

urldate = {2017-11-07},

journal = {Marine Biology Research},

volume = {14},

issue = {1},

pages = {41-50},

abstract = {In this study, the demography of the common demosponge Ircinia felix was examined at Tamarindo, a coral reef located in the island municipality of Culebra, Puerto Rico. A preliminary study comparing the size structure of two subpopulations within the reef, Tamarindo Norte (TN) and Tamarindo Sur (TS), indicated that sponges at TN are significantly larger than sponges at TS. This result served as a baseline for the present comparative study in which we aimed to determine whether the spatial differences in population size structure can be explained either by a difference in rates of survival, growth, or recruitment, or a combination of these. To accomplish our goal, we followed the growth, survival and recruitment of I. felix at the two localities for one year. Growth was the only demographic parameter that differed significantly between localities. Because the most obvious distinction between the study sites was the absence of the octocoral Gorgonia ventalina at TS, we hypothesized that the faster overall growth rate of sponges at TN was related to the presence of the octocoral. To test this hypothesis, we compared growth rates between sponges associated with the octocoral and those individuals not associated. We found that sponges growing near G. ventalina grew significantly faster than non-associated sponges. This result suggests that the octocoral facilitates the growth of I. felix and therefore may account, at least in part, for the spatial differences in population size structure.},

keywords = {coral reefs, demography, gorgonians, population size structure, positive interactions, sponges},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soto-Santiago2017,

title = {Comparative demography of two common scleractinian corals: \textit{Orbicella annularis} and \textit{Porites astreoides}},

author = {Soto-Santiago, Francisco J. and Mercado-Molina, Alex and Reyes-Maldonado, Koralis and Vélez, Yaileen and Ruiz-Díaz, Claudia P. and Sabat, Alberto},

editor = {James Reimer},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3906/#

https://peerj.com/articles/3906/http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/comparative-demography-of.pdf},

doi = {10.7717/peerj.3906},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-10-27},

urldate = {2017-10-27},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {5},

pages = {1-18},

abstract = {Background: Studies directed at understanding the demography and population dynamics of corals are relatively scarce. This limits our understanding of both the dynamics of coral populations and our capacity to develop management and conservation initiatives directed at conserving such ecosystems.



Methods: From 2012 to 2014, we collected data on the growth, survival, and recruitment rates of two common Caribbean coral species, the stress-tolerant Orbicella annularis and the weedy Porites astreoides. A set of size-based population matrix model was developed for two localities in Northeastern Puerto Rico and used to estimate population growth rates ( >) and determine the life cycle transition(s) that contribute the most to spatiotemporal differences in >s. The model was parameterized by following the fate of 100 colonies of each species at the two sites for two years.



Results: Our data indicate that spatial variability in vital rates of both species was higher than temporal variability. During the first year, populations of O. annularis exhibited  s below equilibrium at Carlos Rosario (0.817) and Palomino (0.694), followed by a considerable decline at both sites during the second year (0.700 and 0.667). Populations of P. astreoides showed higher  > s than O. annularis during the first census period at Carlos Rosario (0.898) and Palomino (0.894) with a decline at one of the sites (0.681 and 0.893) during the second census period. Colony fate in both species exhibited a significant interaction with respect to location but not to time (G2 = 20.96; df = 3 for O. annularis and G2 = 9.55; df = 3 for P. astreoides). Discussion: The similar variability of  s as well as the similar survival rates for both species during the two-year census period (2012–2014) show similar variability on demographic patterns in space and time. Our results suggest that location rather than time is important for the resiliency in coral colonies. Also, P. astreoides will show higher resistance to disturbance in the future than O. annularis.},

keywords = {Akaike information criteria, Caribbean, coral reefs, demography, Lambda, Life table response analysis, Orbicella annularis, Population ecology, Porites astreoides, Resilience, Scleractinians},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Godoy-Vitorino2017,

title = {The microbial biosphere of the coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis} in Northeastern Puerto Rico},

author = {Godoy-Vitorino, Filipa and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P. and Rivera-Seda, Abigail and Ramírez-Lugo, Juan S. and Toledo-Hernández, Carlos},

editor = {Robert Toonen},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3717/

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/The-microbial-biosphere-of-the-coral-Acropora-cervicornis-in-Northeastern-Puerto-Rico.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3717},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-29},

urldate = {2017-08-29},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {10},

number = {3717},

pages = {15},

abstract = {Coral reefs are the most biodiverse ecosystems in the marine realm, and they not only contribute a plethora of ecosystem services to other marine organisms, but they also are beneficial to humankind via, for instance, their role as nurseries for commercially important fish species. Corals are considered holobionts (host + symbionts) since they are composed not only of coral polyps, but also algae, other microbial eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In recent years, Caribbean reef corals, including the once-common scleractinian coral Acropora cervicornis, have suffered unprecedented mortality due to climate change-related stressors. Unfortunately, our basic knowledge of the molecular ecophysiology of reef corals, particularly with respect to their complex bacterial microbiota, is currently too poor to project how climate change will affect this species. For instance, we do not know how light influences microbial communities of A. cervicornis, arguably the most endangered of all Caribbean coral species. To this end, we characterized the microbiota of A. cervicornis inhabiting water depths with different light regimes.},

keywords = {16S rDNA, Caribbean, Coral, coral reefs, Depth-related, Microbiota},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Toledo-Hernández2017,

title = {Comparison of chemical compounds associated with sclerites from healthy and diseased sea fan corals (\textit{Gorgonia ventalina})},

author = {Toledo-Hernández, Carlos and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P. and Díaz-Vázquez, Liz M. and Santiago-Cárdenas, Vanessa and Rosario-Berrios, Derick N. and García-Almedina, Derek M. and Roberson, Loretta M.},

editor = {Joseph Pawlik},

url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3677/

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Comparison-of-chemical-compounds-associated-with-sclerites-from-healthy-and-diseased-sea-fan-corals-Gorgonia-ventalina.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3677},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-25},

urldate = {2017-08-25},

journal = {PeerJ},

volume = {10},

number = {3677},

pages = {1-12},

abstract = {The roles of gorgonian sclerites as structural components and predator deterrents have been widely studied. Yet their role as barriers against microbes has only recently been investigated, and even less is known about the diversity and roles of the chemical compounds associated with sclerites.},

keywords = {Aspergillosis, Chemical defenses, coral reefs, Gorgonia ventalina, sclerites},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Otaño-Cruz2017,

title = {Effects of Changing Weather, Oceanographic Conditions, and Land Uses on Spatio-Temporal Variation of Sedimentation Dynamics along Near-Shore Coral Reefs},

author = {Otaño-Cruz, Abimarie and Montañez-Acuña, Alfredo A. and Torres-López, Valeria and Hernández-Figueroa, Elix M. and Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A.},

editor = {Samantha Oester},

url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2017.00249/full

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Effects-of-Changing-Weather-Oceanographic-Conditions-and-Land-Uses-on-Spatio-Temporal-Variation-of-Sedimentation-Dynamics-along-Near-Shore-Coral-Reefs.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00249},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-08-08},

urldate = {2017-08-08},

journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science},

volume = {4},

number = {249},

pages = {1-17},

abstract = {Sedimentation is a critical threat to coral reefs worldwide. Major land use alteration at steep, highly erodible semi-arid islands accelerates the potential of soil erosion, runoff, and sedimentation stress to nearshore coral reefs during extreme rainfall events. The goal of this study was to assess spatio-temporal variation of sedimentation dynamics across nearshore coral reefs as a function of land use patterns, weather and oceanographic dynamics, to identify marine ecosystem conservation strategies. Sediment was collected at a distance gradient from shore at Bahia Tamarindo (BTA) and Punta Soldado (PSO) coral reefs at Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. Sediment texture and composition were analyzed by dry sieving and loss-on-ignition techniques, and were contrasted with environmental variables for the research period (February 2014 to April 2015). Rainfall and oceanographic data were analyzed to address their potential role on affecting sediment distribution with BEST BIO-ENV, RELATE correlation, and linear regression analysis. A significant difference in sedimentation rate was observed by time and distance from shore (PERMANOVA, p < 0.0100), mostly attributed to higher sediment exposure at reef zones closer to shore due to strong relationships with coastal runoff. Sedimentation rate positively correlated with strong rainfall events (Rho = 0.301, p = 0.0400) associated with storms and rainfall intensity exceeding 15 mm/h. At BTA, sediment deposited were mostly composed of sand, suggesting a potential influence of resuspension produced by waves and swells. In contrast, PSO sediments were mostly composed of silt-clay and terrigenous material, mainly attributed to a deforestation event that occurred at adjacent steep sub-watershed during the study period. Spatial and temporal variation of sedimentation pulses and terrigenous sediment input implies that coral reefs exposure to sediment stress is determined by local land use patterns, weather, and oceanographic dynamics. Comprehensive understanding of sediment dynamics and coastal ecosystem interconnectivity is fundamental to implement integrated and adaptive management strategies aimed to promote sustainable development at watershed and island wide-scale to fully mitigate terrigenous sediment impact to marine ecosystems. Furthermore, decision-making processes and policy needs to address sedimentation stress in the context of future climate to reduce land-based threats and strengthen coral reef resilience.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, coral reefs, land use, Land-Based Source Pollution, near-shore coral reefs, precipitation, Reef Restoration, sediment composition, sediment grain size, sedimentation rate, tropical semi-arid watershed},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernandez-Delgado2017,

title = {Unsustainable Land Use, Sediment-Laden Runoff, and Chronic Raw Sewage Offset the Benefits of Coral Reef Ecosystems in a No-Take Marine Protected Area},

author = {Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Medina-Muñiz, Jeiger L. and Mattei, Hernando and Norat-Ramírez, José},

url = {https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/emsd/article/view/10687/9269

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Unsustainable-Land-Use-Sediment-Laden-Runoff-and-Chronic-Raw-Sewage-Offset-the-Benefits-of-Coral-Reef-Ecosystems-in-a-No-Take-Marine-Protected-Area.pdf

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.10687},

issn = {2164-7682},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-07-07},

urldate = {2017-07-07},

journal = {Environmental Management and Sustainable Development},

volume = {6},

number = {2},

pages = {292-333},

abstract = {Unsustainable land uses may result in poor watershed management, increased soil erosion, poorly-planned urban development, increased runoff, and sewage pollution, creating an environmental stress gradient across coastal coral reefs. This study was aimed at: 1) Evaluating water quality within and outside the Canal Luis Peña Natural Reserve (CLPNR), Culebra Island, Puerto Rico; 2) Determining if there was any significant environmental stress gradient associated to land-based non-point source pollution; and 3) Characterizing shallow-water coral reef communities across the gradient. Strong gradient impacts associated to sediment-laden and nutrient-loaded runoff pulses, in combination with non-point raw sewage pulses, and sediment bedload, impacted coastal coral reefs. Water quality showed significant spatio-temporal fluctuations (p<0.0001), largely responding to heavy rainfall and subsequent runoff pulses. Benthic community structure showed significant spatial variation along the environmental stress gradient (p=0.0002). Macroalgae, dead coral surfaces, algal turf, and low coral species richness, species diversity index (H’c), and evenness (J’c) dominated benthic assemblages across reefs frequently impacted by runoff pulses and sediment bedload. The combination of fecal coliform and enterococci concentrations were correlated with variation in benthic community structure (Rho=0.668; p=0.0020). The combined variation in salinity, dissolved oxygen and enterococci concentrations explained 75% of the observed spatial variation in benthic assemblages (R2 =0.7461; p=0.0400). Local human stressors affected coral reefs within no-take CLPNR and risk analyses suggest it may offset its ecological benefits. There is a need to design and implement integrated coastal-watershed management strategies to address multiple land use activities, including erosion-control best management practices, watershed reforestation, and sewage pollution control.},

keywords = {coral reefs, Environmental stress gradient, Land based source pollution, Multivariate analyses, Reef Restoration, Regime shift, Runoff pulses, Sewage pollution, Tropical islands},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2017b,

title = {Long-Lasting Impacts of Beach Renourishment on nearshore Urban Coral Reefs: a Glimpse of Future Impacts of Shoreline Erosion, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise},

author = {Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Rosado-Matías, Bernard J.},

url = {http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Long_Lasting_Impacts_of_Beach_Renourishm.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318316763_Long-Lasting_Impacts_of_Beach_Renourishment_on_Near_shore_Urban_Coral_Reefs_a_Glimpse_of_Future_Impacts_of_Shoreline_Erosion_Climate_Change_and_Sea_Level_Rise

},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-05-05},

urldate = {2017-05-05},

journal = {Annals of Marine Biology and Research},

volume = {4},

number = {1},

pages = {1-17},

abstract = {Urban shoreline erosion mitigation through beach renourishment has often been dismissed as environmentally insignificant. Given predicted impacts  of sea level rise (SLR) and increased shoreline erosion, such activities might become a common practice in the future. But its long-term impacts on adjacent coral reefs have remained poorly documented. Benthic community trajectories were addressed during a period of twelve years across a spatial gradient of sediment burial impacts by beach renourishment on a high-energy urban coral reef at La Marginal Beach, Arecibo, Puerto Rico. Impacts associated to beach renourishment, followed by long-term, slowly-evolving impacts associated to sediment bedload, increased turbidity, increased Arecibo River streamflow, urban polluted runoff discharges, high particulate organic carbon (POC) concentration, and coral mortality following massive coral bleaching in 2005 were 

addressed through long-term monitoring. There was an initial catastrophic loss in coral species richness, diversity index and percent living coral cover, and a rapid regime shift favoring dominance by macroalgae and other non-reef building taxa. Long-term chronic impacts arrested high impact sites to an early successional stage, and drove moderate and low impact sites to a similar stage of very low species diversity, colony abundance and reef growth. Such chronic changes in community trajectories represent a glimpse into potential future impacts of shoreline erosion, sediment bedload, increasing turbidity and coastal water quality decline associated to SLR. The combination of chronic coral reef decline resulting from beach renourishment, coastal pollution, turbidity, and sediment bedload may have critical long-term ecological implications for urban coral reef resilience, functions and benefits.},

keywords = {Beach erosion, Beach renourishment, Climate change, Coastal Erosion, Coastal Resilience, Conservation Biology, Coral, Coral Reef Ecology, Coral Reef Ecosystems, coral reefs, Environmental Sustainability, Wave Energy},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Soto-Santiago2017b,

title = {Physiological Response to Thermal Stress of the Caribbean Corals \textit{Orbicella annularis} and \textit{Porites astreoides}.},

author = {Soto-Santiago, Francisco Javier and Mercado-Molina, Alex Edgardo and Reyes-Maldonado, Koralis and Sabat, Alberto Miguel},

url = {https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=rjes.2017.48.57http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Physiological-Response-to-Thermal-Stress-of-the-Caribbean-Corals-Orbicella-annularis-and-Porites-astreoides.pdf},

doi = {10.3923/rjes.2017.48.57},

issn = {1819-3412},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-27},

urldate = {2017-01-27},

journal = {Research Journal of Environmental Sciences},

volume = {11},

number = {2},

issue = {2},

pages = {48-57},

abstract = {Background and Objective: The physiological response of corals to ocean warming is an essential component of their overall resiliency to climate change. It is important to understand how increasing sea surface temperature will affect the mutualistic relationship between corals and their endosymbionts dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.). This study focused on the effects of temperature stress on the photophysiology of two Caribbean corals differing in life history strategies: Orbicella annularis (O. annularis) and Porites astreoides (P. astreoides). Materials and Methods: A total of 12 fragments of each species were collected from the Puerto Morelos, Mexico shoreline. Six fragments of each species were placed under ambient light and a water temperature of 28°C and the other six under ambient light and an elevated temperature of 32°C for 10 days. Maximum pressure over photosytem II (Qm) was estimated daily while chlorophyll content and Symbiodinium densities were measured at the end of the experiment. Results: Qm values were considerably higher in O. annularis at 32°C when compared to O. annularis at 28°C. In contrast, Qm values for P. astreoides did not differ significantly between treatments. Interestingly, Qm values of P. astreoides at 32°C was similar to that of O. annularis at 28°C. Orbicella annularis showed higher Symbiodinium densities and significantly higher concentrations of chlorophyll a at 28°C than at 32°C. In P. astreoides, no differences on chlorophyll content and Symbiodinium densities were found between temperature treatments. Porites astreoides showed higher chlorophyll a content and Symbiodinium densities than O. annularis under high temperature stress. Conclusion: Low Qm values but high chlorophyll concentrations and Symbiodinium densities within P. astreoides after induced temperature stress provides a physiological basis of the opportunistic strategy of this species. However, the significant increase in Qm, lower chlorophyll a concentration and reduced Symbiodinium densities observed in O. annularis at 32°C highlights its vulnerability to ocean warming. If O. annularis, which is considered one of the main builders of Caribbean coral reefs, disappears and is replaced by relatively small and weedy P. astreoides, the structural heterogeneity of Caribbean coral reefs will be reduced.},

keywords = {coral reefs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2015,

title = {The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies},

author = {Hernandez-Delgado, Edwin A.},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X15300357},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.018},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-31},

urldate = {2015-12-31},

journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin},

volume = {101},

number = {1},

pages = {5-28},

abstract = {Climate change has significantly impacted tropical ecosystems critical for sustaining local economies and community livelihoods at global scales. Coastal ecosystems have largely declined, threatening the principal source of protein, building materials, tourism-based revenue, and the first line of defense against storm swells and sea level rise (SLR) for small tropical islands. Climate change has also impacted public health (i.e., altered distribution and increased prevalence of allergies, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases). Rapid human population growth has exacerbated pressure over coupled social–ecological systems, with concomitant non-sustainable impacts on natural resources, water availability, food security and sovereignty, public health, and quality of life, which should increase vulnerability and erode adaptation and mitigation capacity. This paper examines cumulative and synergistic impacts of climate change in the challenging context of highly vulnerable small tropical islands. Multiple adaptive strategies of coupled social–ecological ecosystems are discussed. Multi-level, multi-sectorial responses are necessary for adaptation to be successful.},

keywords = {Climate change, coral reefs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2015b,

title = {Demography of the threatened coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}: implications for its management and conservation},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P. and Pérez, María E. and Rodríguez-Barreras, Ruber and Sabat, Alberto M.},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281639362_Demography_of_the_threatened_coral_Acropora_cervicornis_implications_for_its_management_and_conservation

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-015-1341-8

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Mercado-Molinaetal2015b.pdf

},

doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-015-1341-8},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-12-02},

urldate = {2015-12-02},

journal = {Coral Reefs},

volume = {34},

number = {4},

pages = {1113-1124},

abstract = {Populations of Acropora cervicornis have collapsed throughout the Caribbean. This situation has prompted the initiation of many restoration efforts; yet, there are insufficient demographic data and analyses to effectively guide these initiatives. In this study, we assessed the spatiotemporal variability of A. cervicornis vital rates. We also developed a population matrix model to (1) evaluate the risk of population extinction, (2) estimate population growth rates considering different rates of colony fragmentation and fragment survival, (3) determine the demographic transition(s) that contribute the most to spatiotemporal differences in growth rates , and (4) analyze the effectiveness of outplanting coral fragments of different sizes.Themodel was parameterized by following the fate of 300 colonies from 2011 to 2013 at two localities in Puerto Rico. Demographic transitions varied spatiotemporally, with a significant interaction between location and time period on colony fate. Spatiotemporal variations in growth rates were also observed. During the first year, populations exhibited growth rates below equilibrium (0.918 and 0.948), followed by a dramatic decline at both sites (0.535 and 0.709) during the second year. The lower growth rates were caused by a decrease in the probability of stasis of large-sized colonies coupled with the lack of sexual recruits and a meager contribution of asexual recruitment. Spatial variations in growth rates were largely due to differences in the probability of medium-sized colonies advancing to the largest size class. The viability analysis forecasts that the populations will reach quasi-extinction levels of 25% of the initial population size in less than 16 yrs. Numerical simulations indicate that outplanting fragments larger than 250 cm in total linear length (TLL) would result in a higher asymptotic population size than outplanting smaller fragments. We argue, however, that transplanting colonies less than 100 cm TLL will be a better management strategy because they can be produced faster and in higher numbers at coral nurseries.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, coral reefs, Reef Restoration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Torres-Pérez2015b,

title = {Relative Pigment Composition and Remote Sensing Reflectance of Caribbean ShallowWater Corals},

author = {Torres-Pérez, Juan L. and Guild, Liane S. and Armstrong, Roy A. and Corredor, Jorge and Zuluaga-Montero, Anabella and Polanco, Ramón},

editor = {Wayne Iwan Lee Davies},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0143709

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Relative-Pigment-Composition-and-Remote-Sensing-Reflectance-of-Caribbean-ShallowWater-Corals.pdf},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143709},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-11-30},

urldate = {2015-11-30},

journal = {PlosONE},

volume = {10},

issue = {11},

pages = {1-20},

abstract = {Reef corals typically contain a number of pigments, mostly due to their symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates. These pigments usually vary in presence and concentration and influence the spectral characteristics of corals. We studied the variations in pigment composition among seven Caribbean shallow-water Scleractinian corals by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis to further resolve the discrimination of corals. We found a total of 27 different pigments among the coral species, including some alteration products of the main pigments. Additionally, pigments typically found in endolithic algae were also identified. A Principal Components Analysis and a Hierarchical Cluster Analysis showed the separation of coral species based on pigment composition. All the corals were collected under the same physical environmental conditions. This suggests that pigment in the coral’s symbionts might be more genetically-determined than influenced by prevailing physical conditions of the reef. We further investigated the use of remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) as a tool for estimating the total pigment concentration of reef corals. Depending on the coral species, the Rrs and the total symbiont pigment concentration per coral tissue area correlation showed 79.5–98.5% confidence levels demonstrating its use as a non-invasive robust technique to estimate pigment concentration in studies of coral reef biodiversity and health.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, coral reefs, pigment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2015,

title = {Demographics and dynamics of two restored populations of the threatened reef-building coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia P. and Sabat, Alberto M.},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1617138115000023

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.01.001},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-17},

urldate = {2015-01-17},

journal = {Journal for Nature Conservation},

volume = {24},

pages = {17-23},

abstract = {Acropora cervicornis is one of the principal reef-building organisms in the Caribbean; it is also considered one of the most threatened coral species. Due to its ecological importance and critical status it is the focus of many restoration and management initiatives. However, studies that quantitatively measure the efficacy or feasibility of these efforts are mostly lacking. In this study, nursery-reared fragments ofA. cervicornis were transplanted to two reefs in Puerto Rico as part of a reef rehabilitation program, andtheir survival, growth, and branch production were measured for a year. We also evaluated the effect ofthis restoration on the dynamics and viability of the fragment populations by means of a simple model.Survival of outplanted fragments surpassed 60%. Colony growth rate varied between 0.20 ± 0.18 and0.29 ± 0.21 cm d−1(mean ± SD) whereas branch production ranged between 7.02 ± 5.72 and 11.86 ± 7.06(mean ± SD) branches per fragment per year. Survival did not vary considerably with respect to fragmentsize. In contrast, large fragments (≥25 cm) grew faster and tended to produce more branches than smallerones. Model simulations indicate that (1) in the absence of recruitment, and without any subsequenthuman intervention, restored populations will decrease below a quasi-extinction level of 25% of theinitial population size after just 3 years and (2) transplanting at least 20 colony fragments per year (12%of initial population) is sufficient to keep the restored populations above the 25% threshold. We conclude that A. cervicornis may be a feasible species for restoration projects given sustained human intervention and that transplanting fragments of at least 25 cm to reefs is an effective restoration protocol that requires minimum effort to maintain a viable restored population of this key reef-building coral.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, coral reefs, Coral transplantation, Fragment stabilization, Reef Restoration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2014,

title = {Revisiting the population status of the sea urchin \textit{Diadema antillarum} in northern Puerto Rico},

author = {Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Montañez-Acuña, Alfredo and Rodríguez-Barreras, Ruber and Colón-Miranda, Roberto and Díaz-Ortega, Geraldine and Martínez-González, Neidibel and Schleier-Hernández, Sandra and Sabat, Alberto M.},

url = {http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Mercado-Molinaetal.2014_Diadema.pdf

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-marine-biological-association-of-the-united-kingdom/article/abs/revisiting-the-population-status-of-the-sea-urchin-diadema-antillarum-in-northern-puerto-rico/E27E7958C257AF819430A078AD667989

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270160317_Revisiting_the_population_status_of_the_sea_urchin_Diadema_antillarum_in_northern_Puerto_Rico/link/54a18a1a0cf256bf8baf745c/download?_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIn19

},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531541400188X},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-11-14},

urldate = {2014-11-14},

journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom},

pages = {1-8},

abstract = {The mass mortality suffered by the sea urchin Diadema antillarum between 1983–1984 is considered one of the major causes of coral reef degradation in the Caribbean. Its near disappearance resulted in a disproportionate growth of macroalgae that has led to a ‘phase shift’ from coral-to-algal dominated reefs. The close relationship between this echinoid and the functioning of coral reef ecosystems makes it imperative to better understand the potential for recovery of its populations. From 2009 to 

2011, we assessed the density and size structure of D. antillarum in various reefs where previous population data were available. Results indicate a modest increase in density in all localities with respect to the last time they were surveyed in 2003/2004. Nevertheless, density values are still lower than values reported for the island prior to the die-off. Overall density did not surpass 1.49 ind. per m2, and did not change considerably during the studied period. Lack of population growth coincided with a lack of juveniles; suggesting that population growth at the studied sites may be limited by the number of individuals recruiting into the juvenile stage.},

keywords = {Caribbean, coral reefs, Diadema antillarum, population recovery, Puerto Rico},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2014b,

title = {Bomb-cratered coral reefs in Puerto Rico, the untold story about a novel habitat: from reef destruction to community-based ecological rehabilitation},

author = {Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Montañez-Acuña, Alfredo and Otaño-Cruz, Abimarie and Suleimán-Ramos, Samuel E.},

url = {https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442014000700019

http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Bomb-cratered-coral-reefs-in-Puerto-Rico-the-untold-story-about-a-novel-habitat-from-reef-destruction-to-community-based-ecological-rehabilitation.pdf},

issn = {0034-7744},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-09-29},

urldate = {2014-09-29},

journal = {Revista Biologia Tropical},

volume = {Vol. 62},

number = {Suppl. 3},

pages = {183-200},

abstract = {Ecological impacts of military bombing activities in Puerto Rico have often been described as minimal, with recurrent allegations of confounding effects by hurricanes, coral diseases and local anthropogenic stressors. Reef craters, though isolated, are associated with major colony fragmentation and frameworkpulverization, with a net permanent loss of reef bio-construction. In contrast, adjacent non-bombarded reef sections have significantly higher benthic spatial relief and biodiversity. We compared benthic communitieson 35-50 year-old bomb-cratered coral reefs at Culebra and Vieques Islands, with adjacent non-impacted sites; 2) coral recruit density and fish community structure within and outside craters; and 3) early effects of a rehabilitation effort using low-tech Staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis farming. Reef craters ranged in size from approximately 50 to 400m2 and were largely dominated by heavily fragmented, flattened benthos, with coral cover usually below 2% and dominance by non-reef building taxa (i.e., filamentous algal turfs, macroalgae). Benthic spatial heterogeneity was lower within craters which also resulted in a lowered functional value as fish nursery ground. Fish species richness, abundance and biomass, and coral recruit density were lower within craters. Low-tech, community-based approaches to culture, harvest and transplant A. cervicornis into formerly bombarded grounds have proved successful in increasing percent coral cover, benthic spatial heterogeneity, and helping rehabilitate nursery ground functions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 3): 183-200. Epub 2014 September 01.},

keywords = {Benthic community structure, bombing impacts, community-based ecological rehabilitation, coral reefs, fish community structure, military activities, novel habitats},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Mercado-Molina2014b,

title = {Survival, growth, and branch production of unattached fragments of the threatened hermatypic coral \textit{Acropora cervicornis}},

author = {Ruiz-Diaz, Claudia Patricia and Mercado-Molina, Alex E. and Sabat, Alberto M.},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022098114001105},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2014.04.017},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-08-13},

urldate = {2014-08-13},

journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology},

volume = {457},

pages = {215-219},

abstract = {Fragmentation has been regarded as the most important reproductive strategy in the threatened reef building coral Acropora cervicornis. Before the Caribbean-wide collapse experienced by A. cervicornis, asexual reproduction may have served as an effective source of new colonies to sustain and/or enhance local population growth. However, baseline information on the demographic success of fragments in nature is limited, hampering our ability to estimate the real contribution of asexual fragmentation to current population growth. In this study, natural occurring fragments of A. cervicornis were monitored for 18 months at two sites in Puerto Rico in order to quantify their survival, growth, and branching dynamics. Fragment survivorship did not exceed 26%, growth rates were relatively low with mean values ranging between 0.0242 ± 0.0168 (SE) and 0.0906 ± 0.0301 (SE) cm d− 1, and fragments barely produced new branches. No significant differences were found when comparing these demographic traits for different size categories. The relative low rates of survival, growth and branch production of natural fragments suggest that asexual fragmentation may not currently be a significant source of recruits for populations of this threatened coral.},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, Asexual reproduction, Coral fragments, coral reefs, Fragment reattachment},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Hernández-Delgado2014bc,

title = {E.S.A. CORAL SPECIES LISTING: A ROADBLOCK TO COMMUNITY-BASED ENGAGEMENT IN CORAL REEF CONSERVATION AND REHABILITATION ACROSS THE U.S. CARIBBEAN?},

author = {Hernández-Delgado, Edwin A. and Suleimán-Ramos, Samuel E.},

url = {http://sampr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/E_S_A_CORAL_SPECIES_LISTING_A_ROADBLOCK.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265405995_ESA_coral_species_listing_a_roadblock_to_community-based_engagement_in_coral_reef_conservation_and_rehabilitation_across_the_US_Caribbean},

year  = {2014},

date = {2014-02-27},

urldate = {2014-02-27},

journal = {REEF ENCOUNTER},

volume = {29},

number = {1},

pages = {11-15},

abstract = {Coral reef ecosystems have declined globally driven by multiple local-scale human stressors and large-scale climate change-related factors, which can produce a combination of acute, stochastic events, and longterm, slowly-evolving changes (Côté and Darling 2010, Hughes et al. 2013). Mounting evidence points to the wider Caribbean region as one of the most susceptible to rapid ecosystem resilience decline (Rogers and Miller 2006, Roff and Mumby 2012, Rogers 2013). This has often resulted in a long-term decline in percent live coral cover, species diversity and a widespread phase shift in benthic community structure (Hughes 1994, Miller et al. 2009, Edmunds 2013), with limited recovery ability (Hughes and Tanner 2000, Birkeland et al. 2013). It has also resulted in the demise of susceptible coral functional groups such as Atlantic acroporid corals (Bruckner and Hourigan 2000) and a major loss of coral reef ecosystem resilience, functions, benefits, services, and socio-economic value (Bellwood et al. 2004), including the ability to sustain fisheries (Pauley et al. 2002, Pauley and Zeller, 2014, Pratchett et al. 2014).},

keywords = {Acropora cervicornis, Caribbean Coral Reefs, coral reefs, CORAL SPECIES LISTING, Reef Restoration},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}